What is 1.54 in Concrete during the calculation of quantity of sand, cement and aggregate?

Here in this image the presenter of this presentation portrays what is 1.54 factor in concrete during calculation of wet volume to dry volume.

HOW TO CALCULATE CEMENT BAGS IN 1 CUBIC METER

PROCEDURE TO CALCULATE CEMENT BAGS IN 1 CUBIC METER:

Let us consider the nominal mix is 1:2:4

Wastage of cement during handling is considered as 2%

Output of mix is considered as 67%

To achieve 1 cum output, we need drymix 1/0.67 = 1.49 say 1.50 cum.

Now add the wastage of 2%, i.e (1.50 + 0.02) = 1.52 cum.

Volume of cement = (cement/cement+sand+aggregate) × Total material

=(1/1+1+4) × 1.52

=0.2171 cum

Now, Density of cement is 1440 kg/cum

Weight of 1 bag cement = 50 kg.

Therefore volume of 1 bag cement = 50/1440

=0.0347 cum.

∴ No. of cement bags required in 1 cubic meter= 0.2171/0.0347

= 6.25 bags.

Note: Same formula can be used for calculating cement for other nominal mixes also.

LIST OF TOP 10 CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN INDIA

India, one of the prominent country having top 10 construction companies in India. The infrastructure of India is shaped by this legendary top 10 construction companies in India. While in the economic boost and having the environment of business leads India. A lot of people are workers are working at the construction companies. India has demand and improving the infrastructure stability for more growth in industries. On another hand side for digitization of India, start-up companies are growing looking for rental offices or their own. All these supplements can be fulfilled by the help of top 10 construction companies.

For working of most people government itself posting best construction jobs in government sector. But while hiring by the construction companies, they also provide an average civil engineering salary which is good one.

CAREER OPTIONS IN TOP 10 CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN INDIA:
Every year many fresher’s civil engineering students are hired with this a lot number of workers are assigned for the projects. Generally, workers are a work on daily wages basis. But when it comes to a professional job structure, companies used to pay on monthly basis or project basis. Anyone can apply for the job at the top 10 construction companies in India. You must visit the official website of the top 10 construction companies in India and regularly check the career section. Construction companies used to post the vacancies and need of employment on any supervision. If it dos suits you, you may apply.

LIST OF TOP 10 CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN INDIA

1. LARSON & TOUBRO

Being India’s prominent construction companies and listed in top 10 construction companies in India, it is also renowned globally. Larsen % Toubro is famous for their construction work and they have employed a total number of more than 87,000 workers. Such a giant company it is! “Company of the Year in Economic Times”  it was awarded to the Larsen & Toubro in 2010. L&T is always listed as one of the best and top 10 construction companies in India and in 2016 also. It is an Indian multi-national conglomerate. The company is not limited to the construction operations but they have other businesses interests manufacturing goods, information technology, financial services, etc.

Headquartered in Mumbai, Larsen & Toubro Limited is one of the largest and most respected companies in India’s private sector. With over 75 years of a strong, customer-focused approach and a continuous quest for world-class quality.

Company Address and Contact Details

Larsen & Toubro Limited L&T House, Ballard Estate P. O. Box: 278, Mumbai 400 001, India Toll-Free Number (India): 1800 2094545 Email: infodesk@larsentoubro.com

Website: www.larsentoubro.com

2. Jaypee Group

Jaypee Group is one of the largest construction companies in India. It was founded in the year 1979 and headquarter in Noida, India. Jaypee Group is also considered as the India’s first largest cement producer. The company has an interest in the fields of Engineering & Construction, Power, Cement, Real Estate, Hospitality, Expressways, IT, Sports & Education (not-for-profit).

The Jaypee Group is a Rs 20,000 crore well diversified infrastructural industrial conglomerate in India. Over the decades it has maintained its salience with leadership in its chosen line of businesses.

The Engineering and Construction wing of the Group is an acknowledged leader in the construction of multi-purpose River Valley and Hydropower projects. It has the unique distinction of having simultaneously executed 13 Hydropower projects spread across 6 states and the neighboring country Bhutan for generating 10,290 MW power. This led the company to become one of the top 10 construction companies in India.

Company Address and Contact Details

Corporate Office Address Jaiprakash Associates Limited Sector-128, Noida - 201304 Uttar Pradesh, India Ph No: (120) 4609000, 2470800 Fax: (120) 4609464, 4609496

Website: www.jalindia.com

3. GMR Infra

The GMR Infra is another legendary company under top 10 construction companies in India. GMR is today a major player in the Infrastructure Sector, with world class projects in India and abroad. The GMR group is headquartered in Bangalore and has been developing projects in high growth areas such as Airports, Energy, Transportation and Urban Infrastructure. It was founded in 1978.

GMR is uniquely placed to build state of the art projects in sectors that are of critical importance in the process of development. Using the Public Private Partnership model, the Group has successfully leveraged its core strengths to implement several iconic infrastructure projects in India.

India’s busiest airport, the Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) in New Delhi is operated by GMR Infra. The integrated terminal T3, the largest terminal in India and one of the largest in the world was built by this Group of the company.

Company Address and Contact Details

Registered Office 25/1, Sklp House, Museum Road, Banglore 5600125, India Tele: +91 8040534000

Website: www.gmrgroup.in

4. Tata Projects Ltd

Tata Company is much famous for its automobile industry. But a company is looking for more growth they have an interest in various fields. However, Tata Projects is one of the fastest growing and most admired infrastructure companies in India. It has expertise in executing large and complex industrial and urban infrastructure projects. In India, the company is considered under top 10 construction companies in India.

The company operates through four strategic business units – Industrial Infrastructure, Urban Infrastructure, Quality services and Utility services. The Company provides turnkey end to end solutions to set up power generation plants, power transmission & distribution systems, fully integrated rail & metro systems, commercial buildings & airports, chemical process plants, water and wastewater management solutions, complete mining and metal purification systems.

Company Address and Contact Details

Registered Office

TATA PROJECTS LIMITED “Mithona Towers -1”, 1-7-80 to 87, Prenderghast Road, Secunderabad- 500003. Tel.No. 040- 66238801 EPABX Fax.No. 040- 66172535 Website: www.tataprojects.com

For more offices visit the company website – http://www.tataprojects.com/contact.html

5. Reliance Infrastructure

Reliance is known to everyone and this one of the giant company in India who offers many services to the people of India. Reliance Infrastructure Limited (RInfra) is a constituent of the Reliance Group, one of the leading business houses in India. RInfra, incorporated in 1929, is amongst the largest and fastest growing companies in the infrastructure sector with a turnover of Rs 18,852 crore and a market capitalization of over Rs 11,300 crore as on March 31, 2015.

Currently, EPC division is executing projects in power and road sectors with a turnover of Rs 2752 crore and an order book of over Rs 5048 crore as on March 31, 2015.

Company Address and Contact Details

7 A, Near Devidas Lane Telephone Exchnage, Eksar Village Borivalli West Mumbai Maharashtra , 400092 Phone - (022) 30099999

Website: www.rinfra.com

6. DLF
DLF (Delhi Land & Finance) has nearly 70 years of track record of sustained growth, customer satisfaction, and innovation. The company has 284 msf of planned projects with 41 msf of projects under construction.DLF’s primary business is the development of residential, commercial and retail properties. The company has a unique business model with earnings arising from development and rentals. Its exposure across businesses, segments, and geographies mitigates any down-cycles in the market. From developing 22 major colonies in Delhi, DLF is now present across 15 states-24 cities in India.

It is one of the largest commercial real estate developers in India and listed in the top 10 construction companies in India.

Company Address and Contact Details

Corporate Office DLF LTD. DLF Centre, Sansad Marg, New Delhi- 110001 Tel: +91-11-42102030

Website: www.dlf.in

7. Hindustan Construction Company

The company was founded in 1926. It is one of the oldest construction companies in India. The HCC has been worked on many famous projects of India such as Bandra Worli Sea Link, West Bengal Highway Project [NH-34],Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant, Rajasthan, etc. These are leading projects executed by the Hindustan Construction company.

HCC is a business group of global scale developing and building responsible infrastructure through next practices. With a group turnover of Rs. 8,768 crore as on March 2015-16, its businesses span the sectors of Engineering & Construction, Real Estate, Infrastructure, Urban development & Management.

Company Address and Contact Details

Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd. Hincon House, 247 Park, LBS Marg, Vikhroli (W), Mumbai - 400083 email: corpcomm@hccindia.com Tel : +91 22 2575 1000 Fax : +91 22 25775732

Website: www.hccindia.com

8. Gammon India

Gammon India is the largest civil engineering construction company in India. It is also listed in the top 10 construction companies in India. It was founded in 1922. One of the oldest construction companies in India. It has a track record of building landmark structures, some of which have become iconic. This includes’ The Gateway of India’, the piling and civil foundation work for which was successfully executed by Gammon as its maiden project way back in 1919.

Currently, Gammon India has a strong talent base of over 3350 employees on its own rolls apart from 5500 officers and staff working under its aegis at various project sites. It further engages more than 200,000 labor/staffon daily wage basis. Its stand-alone turnover in the financial year 2011-12 was close to the US $ 1.1 billion with the Group’s turnover in excess of US $ 1.6 billion.

Company Address and Contact Details

Gammon house Veer Savarkar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai 400 025. India. Tel: +91 22 6111 4000 Fax: +91 22 2430 0221 Email: gammon@gammonindia.com , marketing@gammonindia.com

Website: www.gammonindia.com

9. NCC Infra

The Nagarjuna Construction Company Infra is the major company in India for the construction development in southern part of India. It has completed many landmark projects of India. It has a total number of employ more than 10,000. The company invested over Rs 4250 million in several SPV’s.

Currently, the company has five road projects with an aggregate length of 253 km, 380 MW of Hydro Electrical Projects, Two non-metro Airports, One Sea Port and Re-development of A.P Bhavan (International Center) in its asset portfolio in different stages of development through concession route. The company is betting hugely on the Power Sector and the company’s  Power portfolio consists of 3000 MW Power under implementation phase and 2640 MW under planning phase.

Company Address and Contact Details

Regd. Office : NCC HOUSE, MADHAPUR, HYDERABAD-500081, TELANGANA STATE, INDIA TEL NO.+91-40-2326 8888 FAX NO: +91-40-2326 5555 E-MAIL : info@nccinfra.com

Website: http://nccinfra.com/

10. Punj Lloyd

The Punj Lloyd has the largest branch of regional offices and considered as the largest civil engineering construction companies. However, it has considered as one of the top 10 construction companies in India. It more than 50+ subsidiaries and executed over 200+ mega projects in more than 120+ companies. They have their regional branches in the Middle East, the Caspian, the Asia Pacific, the Europe, Africa and South Asia.

Over various of services are offered by them such as integrated design, procurement, and project management services for energy and infrastructure sector projects.

Company Address and Contact Number

17, Nehru Place Rd, Block 10, Nehru Enclave East, Kalkaji, New Delhi, Delhi 110019 Phone: 011 2646 6105

Website: www.punjlloyd.com

Types of Stirrups

There are can be various types of stirrups depending upon the nature of construction.
Some of them could be:
Single legged, double legged, four legged or six legged stirrups.
In case of column, I have also seen triangular stirrups or diagonal stirrups in use.

Difference B/w Supervisors and Site Engineers:

*.Site engineer will calculate the quantity of shuttering plywood required to cast the slab.
*.Supervisor will make sure the carpenters are on the job and deliver the required quantity of shuttering plywood to the site at the earliest.
*.Site engineer will instruct the supervisor to check the alignment of shuttering.
*.Supervisor makes sure the alignment is fine.
*.Site engineer will calculate the quantity of steel bars required to place in the slab along with the dimensions and shapes.
*.Supervisor will make sure the bar benders are on the job and deliver the required quantity of shuttering plywood to the site at the earliest.
*.Site engineer will instruct the supervisor regarding the placement of bars in the structural member.
*.Supervisor makes sure all the steel bars are placed as per the instructions of Site engineer.
*.While placing concrete,site engineer instructs supervisor how to allocate the manpower to get maximum productivity
.*.Supervisor makes sure the manpower is allocated at the required location as per the instructions of site engineer.

To sum up, Supervisors assist site engineers to maximize the productivity of work.With some experience in the site (may be few years), supervisors can become site engineers.

Recruitment of site Engineers ( both fresher/experienced)

Recruitment of site(CIVIL) Engineers:-

                                     Baffin engineering projects ltd, a Central Public Sector Enterprise, under the control of Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises is engaged in Civil Construction/ Bridge Construction projects all over India and urgently requires the following Executives:

Sl.No	Post	No. of Post	Age Maximum	Experience (Minimum)
1.	Site Engineer	251	35 years	Fresher
2.	Manager (Material Management)	01	45 years	12 Years
3.	Deputy Manager (Civil)	02 SC/ST-01, Gen-01	40 years	08 Years
4.	Asstt. Engineer (Civil)/ (Mechanical)	04 Civil-03, Mech-01	34 years	02 Years

Criteria:
Qualification:
Sl. No. 1: Full time B.E/ B. Tech/ A.M.I.E. in Civil/Mechanical/Electrical/ Electronics/Instrumentation & Control Engineering from a recognized University/Institution.

Sl. No. 2: Graduate in any discipline. Full time Degree/ Diploma in Material Management from a recognized University/ Institution. Graduate in Civil Engineering preferred.

Sl. No. 3: Full time B.E/ B. Tech/ A.M.I.E. in Civil Engineering from a recognized University/ Institution.

Sl. No. 4: Full time Diploma in Civil/ Mechanical Engineering from a recognized University/ Institution.

Experience:
Sl. No. 1: Freshers . (Only 2015-2016 Pass out Candidate can apply)

Sl. No. 2: Experience in PSU/ large Construction Company preferably in bridge/building projects.

Sl. No. 3: Experience in PSU/ large construction Company in the field of steel/ concrete bridges (erection of bridge girders, fabrication and erection of structural steel work for industrial buildings etc.). Experience at Civil construction sites particularly (bridge/building) projects is essential.

Sl. No. 4: Working experience in PSU/ Large Construction Company in the field of Steel/ Concrete Bridge (Structural fabrication) /Civil Work/ Foundation work etc.

Method Of Selection 

• I.The recruitment shall comprise of two stages – Written Examination followed by Personal Interview.


• II.The Written examination shall be in the respective subject in the form of an objective type paper.


• III.Only those candidates who qualify in the Written examination will be called for personal interview.

Scale of Pay: 
Rs.35,000/- To 65,000/- p.m + HRA and medical allowance as per Company norms. 

Important Dates: 
I. Last Date of Application: 30th November 2016.(Wednesday) 
II. Date of Written Examination: 18th December 2016.(Sunday) 
II. Admit card download date starts from: 16th December 2016.(Friday) 

Application Fees: 
I. Application Fees is Rs.1550/- .(Refundable in case of disqualifying examination.) 

Bank Name:	State Bank of India
Account No:	36190521461
Account name:	BAFFIN P N T
IFSC CODE:	SBIN0012022

General Instructions: 
1)The Instructions are to be read carefully before proceeding further. The candidate has to select the particular post for which he/she intends to submit application by clicking the tab “Apply Online” at the bottom of this page. 

2)The candidate has to fill in the required details against the various items in the Form,with correct information. 

3)Candidates should upload the scanned (digital) image of their photograph and signature as per the process given below. They should note that only jpg/ jpeg format is acceptable: 

Photograph Image:
Photograph must be a recent passport size colour picture not older than 6 months [in JPG or JPEG format only, size limit 50KB– 100KB]. 

Signature Image: 
The signature must be signed only by the applicant and not by any other person.[Size of file should be between 10kb – 20kb in jpg/png format] 

Deposit Slip : 
The applicant has to submit payment proof as the deposit slip collected from the bank.[Size of file should be between 100kb – 400kb in jpeg/png/pdf format] 

NOTE : 
After applying the online Application form successfully the applicant receive an email on his/her registered email id,which contains the information about the information about written examination.

No TA will be paid to the candidates for appearing in the test and interview. 

http://online.baffineng.in/

                                            APPLY NOW

CIVIL ENGINEERING QUESTION & ANSWERS

CIVIL ENGINEERING QUESTION & ANSWERS:-

                                                                       SET - I

Q1).The process of finishing the joints with mortar of rich mix in brick and stone masonry is called

(1) facing
(2) pointing
(3) plastering
(4) guniting
Answer:  (2) pointing

Q2). The tapering steps which are provided to change the direction of a stair is
(1) Landing
(2) Spiral steps
(3) Winders
(4) Going
Answer:  (3) Winders

Q3). The volume of one bag of cement weighing 50 kg is
(1) 0.05 m3
(2) 0.0245 m3
(3) 0.0345 m3
(4) 0.0445 m3
Answer: (3) 0.0345 m3

Q4). A window projecting outward from the walls of a room is termed as
(1) Dormer window
(2) Louvered window
(3) Bay window
(4) Skylight
Answer:  (3) Bay window

Q5). Suggest a most suitable foundation when the loads are heavy and clay soil is soft with a basement floor
(1) Combined footing
(2) Isolated footing
(3) Raft footing
(4) Wall footing
Answer: (3) Raft footing

Q6) The ultimate load cannot be clearly recognized in case of
(1) Local shear failure
(2) General shear failure
(3) Punching shear failure
(4) None of these
Answer: (3) Punching shear failure

Q7). The required minimum crushing strength of brick for construction purpose is
(1) 2.5 MPa
(2) 3.5 MPa
(3) 5.5 MPa
(4) 10.5 MPa
Answer:(2) 3.5 MPa

Q8).A load bearing brick with a compressive strength of 10 MPa having the dimensions 19 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm then the maximum loading capacity of this brick is
(1) 850 kg
(2) 1710 kg
(3) 171 kg
(4) 17.1 kg
Answer:(2) 1710 kg

Q9). The most commonly used admixture to accelerate the setting time of concrete is
(1) Gypsum
(2) Calcium Carbonate
(3) Calcium Chloride
(4) Calcium Sulphate
Answer: (3) Calcium Chloride

Q10). The major cementing compound present inOPC is
(1) Tri-calcium silicate
(2) Di-calcium silicate
(3) Tri-calcium aluminate
(4) Tetra-calcium alumino ferrite
Answer: (1) Tri-calcium silicate

                                                       SET - II

Q1). Gypsum is added at the time of grinding of cement clinker for the purpose of
(1) quick setting
(2) delay the setting time
(3) improve the strength
(4) improve workability
Answer: (2) delay the setting time

Q2). The presence of excess alumina in the clay is reflected in the bricks as
(1) Makes the bricks brittle and weak
(2) Makes the bricks crack warp on drying
(3) Changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow
(4) Improves impermeability and durability of the brick
Answer: (1) Makes the bricks brittle and weak

For More

Quiz - Only for Brilliants

Answer the below questions & develop ur civil engineering skills..

Lintel & its Types

What is Lintel?
A lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the openings like doors, windows etc. It takes the load coming from the structure aboveit and gives support. It is also a type beam, the width of which is equal to the width of wall, and the ends of which are built into the wall.
These are very easy to construct as compared to arches.Bearing of lintel:The bearing provided should be the minimum of following 3 cases.
i) 10 cm.
ii) Height of lintel beam
iii) 1/10thto 1/12th of span of the lintel.

Classification of lintels:Lintels are classified based on the material of construction as:
1. Timber
2. Stone
3. Brick
4. Steel
5. Reinforced Concrete

Different styles of Staircases

Architectural view of staircases

Cover Images for Civil Engineers

Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram of Simply Supported Beam

Shear force and bending moment diagram of simply supported beam can be drawn by first calculating value of shear force and bending moment. Shear force and bending moment values are calculated at supports and  at points where load varies.

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH POINT LOAD EXAMPLE

Draw shear force and bending moment diagram of simply supported beam carrying point load. As shown in figure below.

Solution

First find reactions of simply supported beam.

Both of the reactions will be equal. Since, beam is symmetrical. i.e.,

R1 = R2 = W/2 = 1000 kg.

Now find value of shear force at point A, B and C.

When simply supported beam is carrying point loads. Then find shear force value in sections. Shear force value will remain same up to point load. Value of shear force at point load changes and remain same until any other point load come into action.

Shear force between ( A – B ) = S.F (A-B) = 1000 kg

Shear force between (B – C) = S.F (B -C) = 1000 – 2000

S.F (B – C) = – 1000 kg.

Shear Force Diagram

Bending Moment

In case of simply supported beam, bending moment will be zero at supports. And it will be maximum where shear force is zero.

Bending moment at Point A and C = M(A) = M(C) = 0

Bending moment at point B = M(B) = R1 x Distance of R1 from point B.

Bending moment at point B = M (B) = 1000 x 2 = 2000 kg.m

Bending Moment Diagram

SIMPLY SUPPORT BEAM WITH UDL & POINT LOAD EXAMPLE

Draw shear force and bending moment diagram of simply supported beam carrying uniform distributed load and point loads. As shown in figure.

Solution

First find reactions R1 and R2 of simply supported beam.

Reactions will be equal. Since, beam is symmetrical.

R1 = R2 = W/2 = (600 +600 + 200 x4)/2 = 1000kg

Hence, R1 = R2 = 1000 kg.

Shear Force

Shear force between  section A – B = S.F (A – B) = 1000 kg.

Shear force at right side of point B = S.F (B) = 1000 – 600

S. F (B) right = 400 kg.

Now shear force at left side of point C.Because of uniform distributed load, value of shear continuously varies from point B to C.

Shear force at point C (Left) = S.F (L) = 400 – (200×4)

Shear force at point C (Left) = S.F (L) = -400 kg

Shear force between section C – D = S.F (C-D) = -400 – 600

Shear force between section C – D = S.F (C-D) = -1000 kg.

Shear Force Diagram

From Shear force, one can see;

• Shear force is maximum at point A and remain same until point load.
• At point B shear force value decreases, because of point load.
• From B to C shear force continuously decreases, because of udl.
• At point C shear force gradually falls, because of point load.
• From point C to D, shear force remain same, because no other point load is acting in this range.

Bending Moment

 B.M WILL BE ZERO AT SUPPORTS. I.E.,

M(A) = M(D) = 0

B.M at points B and C = M(B) = M(C) = 1000 x2 = 200 kg.m

Now, how to find maximum bending moment?

Bending moment will be maximum at point, where shear force is zero.  Hence, bending moment will be maximum at mid point.

M (max) = 1000×4 – 600×2 -200×2(2/2)

M (max) = 2400 kg.m

Bending Moment Diagram

https://www.facebook.com/civil.engineer.net/

Simple Steps In Construction of Residential Building

Steps In Construction of Residential Building

The following steps are followed in residential project construction;

Construction of residential building required following paper work before the start of actual construction:-

1. Preparation of drawings as per requirements of consumers.
2. Estimation of material cost, labor cost & contingencies.
3. Approval of drawings & estimates from Client.
4. Approval of drawings from City Development Authority. It is most important because residential building drawings should meet the authority defined rules.
5. Start of construction work either through contractor or labor hired on daily basis.
6. Marking of plot boundaries.
7. Cleaning of plot.
8. Preparation of site layout as per drawing.

After the completion of documentation work, the actual construction on plot begins. Following are the steps;

EARTH WORK

Generally excavation is carried out for the construction of wall foundations. Excavation should be carried out as per the drawings defined lengths & widths. After excavation, layout the foundation and backfill the remaining excavated area around foundation with soil.

Floor levels of residential buildings are higher than the natural ground level. Fill the area with soil up to floor levels and compact the soil. Now earth work of residential building is finished.

Earthwork for Footing

CONCRETE WORK IN FOUNDATION

It is very necessary to check the levels of foundation before concrete work. There are patches where excavated depth slightly exceeds and vice versa. Level the foundation base to same level. Now pour the concrete as per drawing specs. Generally concrete of ratio 1:4:8 is used for foundation. Sometimes it is even 1:5:10 or 1:6:20.

Here 1:4:8 means;

1 part cement per cubic

4 parts of sand per cubic

8 parts of coarse aggregates

Depth of foundation varies from 9” to 18” and normally for most of the cases it is considered as 12’’ depth. Keep foundation width equals to its depth.

PCC for Plinth beam

DAMP PROOF COARSE (D.P.C)

To protect walls from moisture, a layer of damp proof coarse material is laid down at floor level. Thickness of this concrete layer is 0f 1 inch. Material of damp proof coarse layer consists of concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with a mixture of water proof material 1kg/bag.

MASONRY WORK

Masonry work is carried out with cement mortar. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement & sand. Ratio of cement mortar varies from 1:4 to 1:6. Here (1:6) mean, 1 part cement and 6 parts of sand. Dampen about 25 bricks with a hose pipe and clean away all loose dirt from the top of footing and moisten about a meter of surface at one end of the foundation with the hose pipe. Throw a mortar line just behind the threaded level line and lay bricks on the mortar bed. Make sure bricks exactly follow the threaded horizontal level line.

Brickwork

LINTEL

Masonry work of buildings is carried out in one go till roof. Openings for windows & doors are left during masonry works. Reinforced cement concrete beams are laid down on the top of openings. So, those loads of structure above openings not directly come on to the door frames.

Lintel beam-- above window

ROOFING

Roof slab of building is poured after completion of masonry works. Now a days, roofing is of reinforced cement concrete slab. Slab thickness & reinforcement details should be according to approved drawings.

PLASTERING & POINTING

Form work is removed after 14 days of slab pouring. Now plaster work begins. Mortar for plaster work is generally of 1:3 or 1:4 is used. Thickness of plaster layer should not be more than 0.75inch. Cure the surface about 7 days. So that, plaster gain proper strength.

Generally, internal walls of buildings are covered with plastered layer and external walls with pointing. It is better plaster the external walls rather than pointing.

Plastering

DOORS & WINDOWS

Traditionally, doors and windows of woods are used. But, steel & aluminum is also not a bad choice. In case of wooden doors & windows, frames are fixed in walls during masonry work. Panels are then fixed with hinges after plaster work. Steel and aluminum doors are fixed after completion of paint work.

SERVICES

Services are very important for every single house. Different types of services are provided during construction. These are Electricity supply, gas supply, water supply, sanitary etc. Conduits for electric supply are fixed in walls before plastering. Similarly water supply and sanitary lines are also laid before pouring of building floor. Note that gas lines are not fixed in walls or slabs. Gas line remains open in air.